See what is inside every byte.

Two wires, no clock: bytes wrapped in start and stop bits.

Four wires, a shared clock, and data moving both ways at once.

Two shared wires, 7-bit addresses, and an acknowledge after every byte.

A two-wire bus where the lowest ID wins and every frame carries a CRC.

Music as three-byte messages on a 31,250 baud serial line.

The factory-floor classic: address, function code, data, CRC, over RS-485.

The frame that carries everything on a local network: MACs, a type, a payload.

How a host turns an IP address into the MAC address it needs.

The 20-byte header that gets a packet across the whole internet.

The smallest transport: ports and a checksum, nothing else.

A reliable byte stream built from numbered segments and acknowledgements.

The internet's phone book: names in, addresses out, in one small datagram.

The web's language: readable text, a request line, headers, a blank line.

Tiny publish/subscribe messages for sensors and small devices.